Category: News

Consensus Enterprises: Aegir5: Queue Architecture

Posted on by Michael G
Previously in this series, we looked at the Aegir5 front-end interface architecture, as well as the lower level entities, Tasks and Operations that provide building blocks.
As mentioned in the first part of the series, our most recent work on Aegir5 itself has been reworking the queue system. In this post, we explore this topic in more detail.
The Aegir5 queue is implemented using Celery, which is a full-featured Python-based task queue, built atop RabbitMQ.

GNU Guix: The Full-Source Bootstrap: Building from source all the way down

Posted on by Michael G

We are delighted and somewhat relieved to announce that the third
reduction of the Guix bootstrap binaries has now been merged in the
main branch of Guix! If you run guix pull today, you get a package
graph of more than 22,000 nodes rooted in a 357-byte program—something
that had never been achieved, to our knowledge, since the birth of Unix.

We refer to this as the Full-Source Bootstrap. In this post, we
explain what this means concretely. This is a major milestone—if not the
major milestone—in our quest for building everything from source, all
the way down.

How did we get there, and why? In two previous

blog
posts,
we elaborated on why this reduction and bootstrappability in general
is so important.

One reason is to properly address supply chain security concerns. The
Bitcoin community was one of the first to recognize its importance
well enough to put the idea into practice. At the Breaking Bitcoin
conference 2020, Carl Dong gave a fun
and remarkably gentle
introduction.
At the end of the talk, Carl states:

The holy grail for bootstrappability will be connecting hex0 to mes.

Two years ago, at FOSDEM 2021, I (Janneke)
gave a short talk about how we
were planning to continue this quest.

If you think one should always be able to build software from source,
then it follows that the “trusting
trust”
attack is only a symptom of an incomplete or missing bootstrap story.

The Road to Full-Source Bootstrap

Three years ago, the bootstrap binaries were reduced to just GNU
Mes and
MesCC-Tools (and
the driver to build Guix packages: a static
build
of GNU Guile 2.0.9).

The new Full-Source Bootstrap, merged in Guix master yesterday,
removes the binaries for Mes and MesCC-Tools and replaces them by bootstrap-seeds. For x86-linux (which is also used by the x86_64-linux build), this means this program
hex0-seed, with ASCII-equivalent
hex0_x86.hex0. Hex0 is self-hosting and its source looks like this:

    ; Where the ELF Header is going to hit  
    ; Simply jump to _start  
    ; Our main function  
    # :_start ; (0x8048054)  
    58 # POP_EAX ; Get the number of arguments

you can spot two types of line-comment: hex0 (;) and assembly (#).
The only program-code in this snippet is 58: two hexidecimal digits
that are taken as two nibbles and compiled into the corresponding byte
with binary value 58.

Starting from this 357-byte hex0-seed binary provided by the
bootstrap-seeds, the stage0-posix
package created by Jeremiah
Orians first builds hex0 and then all the way up: hex1, catm, hex2,
M0, cc_x86, M1, M2, get_machine (that’s all of MesCC-Tools), and
finally M2-Planet.

The new GNU Mes v0.24 release can be built with
M2-Planet. This time with only a remarkably small
change, the bottom of the package
graph now looks like this (woohoo!):

                              gcc-mesboot (4.9.4)
                                      ^
                                      |
                                    (...)
                                      ^
                                      |
               binutils-mesboot (2.20.1a), glibc-mesboot (2.2.5),
                          gcc-core-mesboot (2.95.3)
                                      ^
                                      |
                             patch-mesboot (2.5.9)
                                      ^
                                      |
                       bootstrappable-tcc (0.9.26+31 patches)
                                      ^
                                      |
                            gnu-make-mesboot0 (3.80)
                                      ^
                                      |
                              gzip-mesboot (1.2.4)
                                      ^
                                      |
                               tcc-boot (0.9.27)
                                      ^
                                      |
                                 mes-boot (0.24.2)
                                      ^
                                      |
                         stage0-posix (hex0..M2-Planet)
                                      ^
                                      |
                          gash-boot, gash-utils-boot
                                      ^
                                      |
                                      *
                     bootstrap-seeds (357-bytes for x86)
                                     ~~~
                   [bootstrap-guile-2.0.9 driver (~25 MiB)]

full graph

We are excited that the NLnet Foundation has been
sponsoring this work!

However, we aren’t done yet; far from it.

Lost Paths

The idea of reproducible builds and bootstrappable software is not
very
new.
Much of that was implemented for the GNU tools in the early 1990s.
Working to recreate it in present time shows us much of that practice
was forgotten.

Most bootstrap problems or loops are not so easy to solve and
sometimes there are no obvious answers, for example:

While these examples make for a delightful puzzle from a
bootstrappability perspective, we would love to see the maintainers of
GNU packages consider bootstrappability and start taking more
responsibility for the bootstrap story of their packages.

Next Steps

Despite this major achievement, there is still work ahead.

First, while the package graph is rooted in a 357-byte program, the set
of binaries from which packages are built includes a 25 MiB
statically-linked Guile, guile-bootstrap, that Guix uses as its driver
to build the initial packages. 25 MiB is a tenth of what the initial
bootstrap binaries use to weigh, but it is a lot compared to those 357
bytes. Can we get rid of this driver, and how?

A development effort with Timothy Sample addresses the dependency on
guile-bootstrap of Gash and
Gash-Utils, the
pure-Scheme POSIX shell implementation central to our second
milestone.
On the one hand, Mes is gaining a higher level of Guile compatibility:
hash table interface, record interface, variables and variable-lookup,
and Guile (source) module loading support. On the other hand, Gash
and Gash-Utils are getting Mes compatibility for features that Mes is
lacking (notably syntax-case macros). If we pull this off,
guile-bootstrap will only be used as a dependency of bootar and as
the driver for Guix.

Second, the full-source bootstrap that just landed in Guix master is
limited to x86_64-linux and i686-linux, but ARM and RISC-V will be
joining soon. We are most grateful and excited that the NLnet
Foundation has decided to continue sponsoring this
work!

Some time ago, Wladimir van der Laan contributed initial RISC-V
support for Mes but a major obstacle for the RISC-V bootstrap is that
the “vintage” GCC-2.95.3 that was such a helpful stepping stone does
not support RISC-V. Worse, the RISC-V port of GCC was introduced only
in GCC 7.5.0—a version that requires C++ and cannot be
bootstrapped! To this end, we have been improving MesCC, the C
compiler that comes with Mes, so it is able to
build GCC 4.6.5; meanwhile, Ekaitz Zarraga
backported RISC-V support to GCC
4.6.5, and backported RISC-V
support from the latest tcc to our
bootstrappable-tcc.

Outlook

The full-source bootstrap was once deemed impossible. Yet, here we are,
building the foundations of a GNU/Linux distro entirely from source, a
long way towards the ideal that the Guix project has been aiming for
from the
start.

There are still some daunting tasks ahead. For example, what about the
Linux kernel? The good news is that the bootstrappable community has
grown a lot, from two people six years ago there are now around 100
people in the #bootstrappable IRC channel. Interesting times ahead!

About Bootstrappable Builds and GNU Mes

Software is bootstrappable when it does not depend on a binary seed
that cannot be built from source. Software that is not
bootstrappable—even if it is free software—is a serious security
risk (supply chain security)
for
a
variety
of
reasons.
The Bootstrappable Builds project aims
to reduce the number and size of binary seeds to a bare minimum.

GNU Mes is closely related to the
Bootstrappable Builds project. Mes is used in the full-source
bootstrap path for the Guix System.

Currently, Mes consists of a mutual self-hosting scheme interpreter
and C compiler. It also implements a C library. Mes, the scheme
interpreter, is written in about 5,000 lines of code of simple C and
can be built with M2-Planet.
MesCC, the C compiler, is written in scheme. Together, Mes and MesCC
can compile bootstrappable TinyCC
that is self-hosting. Using this TinyCC and the Mes C library, the
entire Guix System for i686-linux and x86_64-linux is bootstrapped.

About GNU Guix

GNU Guix is a transactional package manager and
an advanced distribution of the GNU system that respects user
freedom.
Guix can be used on top of any system running the Hurd or the Linux
kernel, or it can be used as a standalone operating system distribution
for i686, x86_64, ARMv7, AArch64 and POWER9 machines.

In addition to standard package management features, Guix supports
transactional upgrades and roll-backs, unprivileged package management,
per-user profiles, and garbage collection. When used as a standalone
GNU/Linux distribution, Guix offers a declarative, stateless approach to
operating system configuration management. Guix is highly customizable
and hackable through Guile
programming interfaces and extensions to the
Scheme language.

First ROM Shadowing

Posted on by Michael G
The other day I was asked an interesting question: What was the first BIOS with support for ROM shadowing? In the 1990s, ROM shadowing was common, at first as a pure performance enhancement and later as a functional requirement; newer firmware is stored compressed in ROM and must be decompressed into RAM first, and firmware may also rely on writing to itself before being locked down and write protected. Old PCs did not use ROM shadowing because it made no sense. ROMs were only marginally slower than RAM, if at all, and RAM was too precious to waste on mirroring the contents of existing ROMs. Over the years, RAM speeds shot up while ROM remained slow. By about 1990, executing BIOS code from ROM incurred a noticeable performance penalty, and at the same time devoting 64 or 128 KB to ROM shadowing was no longer prohibitively expensive. But who did it first? The OS/2 Mussum’s content never fails to be deeply interesting. And the answer to the question is the same answer it always is when it comes to who did something first in the early years of the PC platform. It’s always the same.

Entre l’Algérie et l’Espagne, rien ne va

Posted on by Michael G
Entre l’Algérie et l’Espagne, rien ne va. Le traité d’amitié liant ces deux pays est gelé. Les échanges commerciaux, hormis le gaz, sont également au point mort. La dégradation de ces relations diplomatiques fait suite au changement de position de l’Espagne sur la question du Sahara occidental. L’Espagne campe sur sa position, et l’Algérie persiste dans « ses sanctions », ce qui ne présage pas une amélioration du climat entre les deux pays

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How to Install Zorin OS

Posted on by Michael G
In this video you will learn how to install Zorin OS and I will also give you my opinion about it.

Zorin OS Site :-
https://zorin.com/os/

Zorin OS :-
https://youtu.be/2u-mXUHgnW0

Let’s connect online :-

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My gear :-

️ Microphone: https://amzn.to/3WXvfwd
Laptop: https://amzn.to/40nNvSs
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⏱️⏱️VIDEO CHAPTERS⏱️⏱️
0:00 Intro
0:10 Downloading Zorin OS
0:34 Booting USB
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3:52 Zorin OS Desktop
4:42 Gaming in Zorin OS
6:16 Zorin Connect
7:22 Outro

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Badrinath Darshan 2023 – चलो भक्तों बद्रीनाथ खुला मंदिर – Surya Prakash Dubey – Jai Badri Vishal…

Posted on by Michael G
Badrinath Darshan 2023 – चलो भक्तों बद्रीनाथ खुला मंदिर – Surya Prakash Dubey – Jai Badri Vishal ~ @ambeybhakti

The Badrinath Temple also known as the Badrinarayan Temple, located in Uttarakhand’s Badrinath town, is one of the Char Dhams (four important pilgrimages) in the state.

Badrinath Yatra: चारधाम यात्रा की शुरूआत हो चुकी है। गंगोत्री, यमुनोत्री और केदारनाथ के कपाट पहले ही खुल चुके हैं। अब बद्रीनाथ के भी कपाट खोले जाएंगे। आधिकारिक जानकारी के अनुसार 27 अप्रैल 2023 (गुरुवार) को गुरु पुष्य योग में बद्रीनाथ धाम के कपाट खोल दिए जाएंगे। इसके लिए सभी तैयारियां पूरी की जा चुकी हैं।

Album – Chalo Bhakto Badrinath
Song – Chalo Bhakto Badrinath
Singer – Surya Prakash Dubey
Music – Bijendra Chauhan
Lyrics – Subhash Bose
Label – Ambey
Digital Work – Vianet Media
Parent Label – Shubham Audio Video
9467-DVT_AMBE_TNDVT-23

आप सभी भक्तों से अनुरोध है कि आप ( Ambey Bhakti ) चैनल को Follow करें व भजनो का आनंद ले व अन्य भक्तों के साथ Share करें व Like जरूर करें

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